Fundamentals of Nursing Notes 2025 – GNM 1st Year Complete Guide
🩺 Fundamentals of Nursing Notes 2025 – GNM 1st Year Complete Guide
Nursing is not just a profession; it’s a promise to care, comfort, and heal.
If you are a GNM 1st Year student, this guide will help you master your subject — Fundamental of Nursing & First Aid.
In this post, you’ll find detailed notes, explanations of important topics from your 2025-26 exam paper, and downloadable resources for quick revision.
Let’s begin with the foundation of it all — what nursing truly means.
💙 1. Definition and Scope of Nursing
Definition:
Nursing is the art and science of caring for people — both in sickness and health — to promote well-being, prevent illness, and assist in recovery.
Qualities of a Good Nurse:
- Compassionate and patient
- Emotionally strong and empathetic
- Good communication skills
- Observant and responsible
- Professional appearance and hygiene
- Team spirit and leadership
Role and Responsibilities of a Professional Nurse:
| Area | Duties |
|---|
| Patient Care | Monitoring vitals, assisting with ADLs (Activities of Daily Living), maintaining comfort |
| Safety & Hygiene | Preventing infection, ensuring cleanliness |
| Health Education | Teaching patients about hygiene, diet, and medicine |
| Documentation | Maintaining nursing records and reports |
| Coordination | Acting as a link between doctor and patient |
💧 2. Enema – Definition, Purpose & Precautions
Definition:
Enema is a procedure of introducing fluid into the rectum and colon through the anus for cleansing or therapeutic purposes.
Purposes:
- To relieve constipation
- To clear bowel before surgery or delivery
- To administer medicine
- To stimulate peristalsis
Principles & Precautions:
- Maintain privacy and comfort
- Use sterile equipment and lubricate nozzle
- Ensure correct temperature of fluid (37–40°C)
- Observe patient’s reaction and record output
- Never force the nozzle – be gentle
Pro Tip: Always explain the procedure to the patient to reduce anxiety.
🧫 3. Cross Infection – Meaning, Transmission & Prevention
Definition:
Cross infection is the transmission of pathogens from one person or object to another within a healthcare setting.
Modes of Transmission:
| Type | Example |
|---|
| Direct Contact | Touching infected wound |
| Indirect Contact | Contaminated instruments |
| Airborne | Sneezing, coughing |
| Droplet | Flu, pneumonia |
| Vector-borne | Mosquito, fly |
Prevention Methods:
- Strict handwashing before and after procedures
- Use of gloves, masks, and PPE
- Sterilization of instruments
- Isolation of infectious patients
- Proper waste segregation and disposal
Remember: Infection control is the backbone of safe nursing care.
🦷 4. Short Notes (Exam-Oriented Topics)
| Topic | Key Points |
|---|
| Oral Hygiene | Brushing, mouthwash, tongue cleaning, preventing halitosis |
| Barrier Nursing | Isolation techniques to protect staff and other patients |
| Cold Application | Used to reduce swelling, fever, and pain |
| Principles of Bandaging | Firm but not tight, overlap evenly, check circulation |
| Physical Examination Methods | Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation |
💡 Tip: Always revise short notes before your practical exam — they fetch direct marks!
🛏️ 5. Bed Sore – Causes, Prevention & Management
Definition:
Bed sore (pressure ulcer) is a localized injury to skin/tissue due to prolonged pressure.
Causes:
- Immobility or paralysis
- Poor nutrition
- Moisture or unclean bed
- Friction and shear
Prevention:
- Change patient’s position every 2 hours
- Keep skin clean and dry
- Use air or water mattresses
- Massage bony areas gently
Management in Unconscious Patients:
- Clean wound with antiseptic
- Apply sterile dressing
- Maintain good hydration and diet
- Monitor for infection
- Record progress daily
🚑 6. First Aid – Meaning, Rules & Qualities
Definition:
First aid is the immediate care given to an injured or sick person before medical help arrives.
Golden Rules of First Aid:
- Keep calm and think clearly
- Ensure safety of yourself and the patient
- Check breathing, pulse, and bleeding
- Control bleeding and prevent shock
- Do not move the patient unnecessarily
- Get professional help quickly
Qualities of a First Aider:
- Confidence and presence of mind
- Quick decision-making
- Good knowledge of first aid methods
- Compassion and patience
🌡️ 7. Pyrexia (Fever) – Types & Nursing Care Plan
Definition:
Pyrexia is an abnormal rise in body temperature above 37°C.
Types of Fever:
| Type | Example |
|---|
| Continuous | Typhoid |
| Intermittent | Malaria |
| Remittent | Septicemia |
| Relapsing | Dengue |
Nursing Care Plan for Hyperpyrexia:
| Problem | Nursing Action | Rationale |
|---|
| High body temperature | Monitor vitals every 2 hrs | Detect temperature changes |
| Dehydration | Encourage fluids, IV if ordered | Maintain hydration |
| Discomfort | Sponge bath with tepid water | Reduce body heat |
| Infection | Administer antibiotics as prescribed | Control infection |
| Weakness | Provide rest & emotional support | Conserve energy |
📚 Download Fundamentals of Nursing Notes PDF
You can download the Fundamentals of Nursing Notes 2025 PDF (GNM 1st Year) for free.
It includes short and long answers exactly as per the official exam pattern.
📱 Best Preparation Tip
For quick revision, model papers, and online test series —
Download the Nursing Gurukul App 📲
You’ll get:
- Chapter-wise test series
- Mock papers for GNM & BSc Nursing
- PDF notes and previous year papers
https://youtu.be/bOyezeNq7vE
❓ FAQs – Fundamentals of Nursing (GNM 1st Year)
Q1. What are the fundamentals of nursing?
They include the basic principles, procedures, and ethics of patient care and first aid.
Q2. What are the top 5 qualities of a nurse?
Empathy, patience, responsibility, alertness, and professionalism.
Q3. How can I prevent infection in hospitals?
By using PPE, washing hands, and following sterilization protocols.
Q4. What is the purpose of an enema?
To cleanse the bowel, relieve constipation, or administer medication.
Q5. What is the best app for nursing study material?
The Nursing Gurukul App, offering model papers and test series.